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Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) is the archetypal aromatic hydrocarbon: a colorless, volatile liquid with the molecular formula C₆H₆ and a characteristic sweet odor. It is a fundamental petrochemical feedstock rather than an end-use consumer product. Industrial benzene is used almost exclusively as a raw material in the manufacture of derivatives such as ethylbenzene (→ styrene), cumene (→ phenol & acetone), cyclohexane (→ nylon intermediates) and many other high-value intermediates.
Key physical & chemical properties (practical highlights)
How benzene is produced (industrial routes)
Commercial benzene is not usually produced by a single dedicated “benzene plant”; rather it is recovered or co-produced in refinery and petrochemical operations. The main industrial routes are:
Because of these integrated routes, benzene supply is closely linked to refinery and aromatics capacity, crude slate and the dynamics of derivatives markets (styrene, phenol, cyclohexane).
Commercial grades & quality specifications
Industrial buyers typically specify benzene by analytical purity and permitted impurities. Typical commercial specs include:
Buyers should request a Certificate of Analysis (COA) per lot and agree on sampling protocol (e.g., maritime sampling for bulk shipments).
Major industrial uses and downstream derivatives
Benzene is a platform chemical. The largest end-uses are:
Demand for benzene is therefore driven by downstream growth in plastics, resins, fibers and adhesives across packaging, automotive, electronics and construction sectors. Market analyses and trade data show consistent long-term demand growth driven by these derivative chains.
Global supply, market size & trends (high-level)
Major producers & reliable suppliers
Leading petrochemical and refining companies with large benzene production or recovery capacity include (non-exhaustive): ExxonMobil, Chevron Phillips, Shell, Sinopec, BASF, INEOS, SABIC, LyondellBasell, Braskem, Reliance, and others. Regional champions in Asia, the Middle East and North America supply local and export markets — buyers should verify current site capacities and logistics offerings during pre-qualification.
Safety, regulation & occupational exposure
Benzene is a regulated hazardous material with well-established occupational exposure limits and carcinogenic classification:
Because of benzene’s toxicity, regulatory compliance (emission limits, packaging, worker training and product stewardship) is paramount for both sellers and buyers.
Environmental & regulatory considerations
Procurement recommendations — what to ask your supplier
When issuing an RFQ or negotiating terms, include:
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Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) is the archetypal aromatic hydrocarbon: a colorless, volatile liquid with the molecular formula C₆H₆ and a characteristic sweet odor. It is a fundamental petrochemical feedstock rather than an end-use consumer product. Industrial benzene is used almost exclusively as a raw material in the manufacture of derivatives such as ethylbenzene (→ styrene), cumene (→ phenol & acetone), cyclohexane (→ nylon intermediates) and many other high-value intermediates.